Reactions of Alkyl Halides 323 -- Essential Terms 324 -- Study Problems 327 -- 7 STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS OF ALKENES -- ELIMINATION 332 -- 7-1 Introduction 332 -- 7-2 The Orbital Description of the Alkene Double Bond 333 -- 7-3 Elements of Unsaturation 335 -- 7-4 Nomenclature of Alkenes 337 -- 7-5 Nomenclature of Cis-Trans Isomers 339 -- Summary: Rules for Naming Alkenes 341 -- 7-6 Commercial Importance of Alkenes 342 -- 7-7 Physical Properties of Alkenes 344 -- 7-8 Stability of Alkenes 346 -- 7-9 Formation of Alkenes by Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides 354 -- 7-10 Unimolecular Elimination: The E1 Reaction 355 -- Summary: Carbocation Reactions 359 -- 7-11 Positional Orientation of Elimination: Zaitsev's Rule 360 -- 7-12 Bimolecular Elimination: The E2 Reaction 362 -- 7-13 Bulky Bases in E2 Eliminations -- Hofmann Orientation 364 -- 7-14 Stereochemistry of the E2 Reaction 365 -- 7-15 E2 Reactions in Cyclohexane Systems 368 -- 7-16 Comparison of E1 and E2 Elimination Mechanisms 370 -- Summary: Elimination Reactions 371 -- Summary: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides 374 -- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY: Predicting Substitutions and Eliminations 376 -- 7-18 Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols 377 -- 7-19 Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial Methods 380 -- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms 382 -- Summary: Methods for Synthesis of Alkenes 385 -- Essential Terms 386 -- Study Problems 389 -- 8 REACTIONS OF ALKENES 395 -- 8-1 Reactivity of the Carbon-Carbon Double Bond 395 -- 8-2 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes 396 -- 8-3 Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes 398 -- 8-4 Addition of Water: Hydration of Alkenes 406 -- 8-5 Hydration by Oxymercuration-Demercuration 408 -- 8-6 Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration 411 -- 8-7 Hydroboration of Alkenes 412 -- 8-8 Addition of Halogens to Alkenes 418.